Get Started. Capsim Blog. Get the Questions in Your Inbox Should you invest in simulation-based training? Redefine Your Learning Experience. Montenigro et al. McKee et al. See Bennet I. Lawrence et al. See also Ann C. Alosco et al. Lehman et al. Guskiewicz et al. Collins et al. Lovell et al. Kelly et al. Cobb et al. Campolettano et al. Stamm et al. Rao et al. Kerr et al. Heary et al. And How Will It Change in ?
ORG , Jan. Is Getting Soft. Pamela R. Bry believes that this will never happen. John York. Prior, The Slave Side of Sunday Next they received instructions that their next task would be to allocate points to pairs of other students, identified only by their participant code and the group to which they belonged based on their painting preference earlier. They were informed that these students but not themselves would have to come to the lab later to do a task, which would have a variable difficulty and duration: the number of points they allocated to a particular student would determine the difficulty and duration for that particular student the more points, the easier and shorter the task.
In particular, we wanted to make sure that participants were able to easily and immediately understand the idea behind each option. Therefore, for each matrix, there were only 3 options in a variable order: Competition, Equality, and Maximizing option see above. The matrices presented either a distribution of bonus points 2 , penalties 2 , or a combination thereof 2.
The combination matrices were primarily filler items added for exploratory purposes and were not included in the main analyses, but additional analyses with these combination matrices are presented at the osf page.
Given that effects of the individual differences measures were very limited compared to the experimental effects, analyses with these variables are not discussed but can be found in full in the osf page. Sample size was determined by the availability of participants. All participants completed the study online, either on their home computer or in medium-sized groups on desktop computers in the lab.
The samples consisted of Participants were again presented with two paintings. However, as a small adaptation to Study 1, the presented paintings were of unknown artists and were presented as the work of two fictitious artists Dusek versus Tausig, see After choosing a painting, all participants were told they had chosen the painting of Dusek to simplify the dataset. In all other respects, the procedure for the first part Study 2a was identical to Study 1.
In the second part Study 2b , we presented participants with an additional set of 8 matrices that contained both stimuli with a standard Equality value and with a low Equality value. Similar to Study 1, for Study 2a, participants were again presented with 6 matrices. However, the objective value of the Equality option was considerably reduced compared to Study 1, by making this the option that objectively left everyone worse off than the other options. In particular, in the Equal distribution option, benefits were equal for the two targets e.
For Study 2b, participants received an additional 8 matrices harm or benefit only. Greene, J. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science , — Awad, E. Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70, participants. Cushman, F. The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Article Google Scholar. Moral Psychol. Google Scholar. The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment.
Neuron 44 , — Kahane, G. Beyond sacrificial harm: A two-dimensional model of utilitarian psychology. Everett, J. Switching tracks? Towards a multidimensional model of utilitarian psychology.
Trends Cogn. Cognition , — Conway, P. Sacrificial utilitarian judgments do reflect concern for the greater good: Clarification via process dissociation and the judgments of philosophers. Capraro, V. Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence. Rozin, P. Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Baumeister, R.
Bad is stronger than good. Bostyn, D. The morality of action: The asymmetry between judgments of praise and blame in the action—omission effect.
Ross, H. Wiessner, P. Human Nat. DeScioli, P. A solution to the mysteries of morality. Crockett, M. Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making.
Sidgwick, H. Petrinovich, L. An empirical study of moral intuitions: Toward an evolutionary ethics. Swann, W. Hester, N. The moral psychology of raceless, genderless strangers. Despite such differences among utilitarians, however, most hold to the general principle that morality must depend on balancing the beneficial and harmful consequences of our conduct. Problems With Utilitarianism While utilitarianism is currently a very popular ethical theory, there are some difficulties in relying on it as a sole method for moral decision-making.
First, the utilitarian calculation requires that we assign values to the benefits and harms resulting from our actions and compare them with the benefits and harms that might result from other actions. But it's often difficult, if not impossible, to measure and compare the values of certain benefits and costs.
How do we go about assigning a value to life or to art? And how do we go about comparing the value of money with, for example, the value of life, the value of time, or the value of human dignity?
Moreover, can we ever be really certain about all of the consequences of our actions? Our ability to measure and to predict the benefits and harms resulting from a course of action or a moral rule is dubious, to say the least.
Perhaps the greatest difficulty with utilitarianism is that it fails to take into account considerations of justice. We can imagine instances where a certain course of action would produce great benefits for society, but they would be clearly unjust.
During the apartheid regime in South Africa in the last century, South African whites, for example, sometimes claimed that all South Africans—including blacks—were better off under white rule. These whites claimed that in those African nations that have traded a whites-only government for a black or mixed one, social conditions have rapidly deteriorated.
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